NASA's Insight Lander: What can Mars teach us about our planet?

After a six-month space cruise, NASA's latest Mars mission is set to arrive at the Red Planet on Monday with a single goal: explore its deep insides.

InSight Lander - the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport - is the US space agency's first craft dedicated to peer beneath Mars' surface and study its interior.

Its landing, at around 20:00 GMT, will make it the first US robot to visit the planet since Curiosity in 2012.

But this is far from an easy feat - of the 44 NASA missions sent to Mars, only 18 have been successful.

Here's everything you need to know about the spacecraft, its landing and the information it has set out to gather.

What is InSight Lander?

NASA describes InSight Lander as the first outer space robotic explorer designed to give the billions-years-old Mars a "thorough checkup" by studying its crust, mantle and core.

But there are big challenges before this is achieved - including the "seven minutes of terror".

In order to land, the spacecraft will enter the Martian atmosphere at supersonic speed (almost 17 times the speed of sound), then hit the brakes to achieve a soft landing on the planet's red plains, in a region called Elysium Planitia that has been chosen for its geographical flatness.

"As in all missions to Mars, the challenge is to get the module to operate its instruments and to land into the atmosphere correctly," says Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, a member of the Curiosity mission and a researcher at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences in National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).

NASA engineers consider the agonising seven-minute period between entry, descent and landing the riskiest sequence in the entire mission.

It can take up to about 20 minutes for the spacecraft's signals to reach Earth, leaving mission planners waiting with bated breath to find out about if everything went according to plan. Unable to intervene, they rely on a perfect symphony of pre-programmed tasks, robotic devices and controlled explosions.

Once InSight successfully lands - if it survives the perilous entry - it must be properly aligned with the sun to keep producing power and charging its batteries.

"When using solar energy, it is important that the rover properly poses on the surface and that there are not big sandstorms that clog the solar panels," Navarro-Gonzalez told Al Jazeera.

NASA will do a live broadcast of the landing attempt on this link. The broadcast will begin at 19:00 GMT on Monday.

What kind of information will InSight gather?

NASA says the mission will measure what it describes as Mars' "vital signs": its pulse (seismology), temperature (heat flow) and reflexes (precision tracking).

The lander's main instruments include a seismometer to track quakes and a thermometer to measure the planet's interior temperature by "drilling" itself five meters deep into the Martian surface.

These instruments - provided respectively by the French and German space agencies - have a novel method of deployment: after landing, the craft will use a robotic arm to place them far from it to avoid any pollution of data.

Another instrument, a radio transmitter, will use the Doppler effect - an increase or decrease in the frequency of sound or light - to measure the "wobble" of the planet's rotation axis.

Jose Antonio Rodriguez Manfredi, a scientist at the InSight mission, told Al Jazeera that these instruments will allow NASA to record the planet's "seismic activity, the movements of the crust caused by meteoric impacts, the heat flow and physical properties of the terrain, and the variations that the planet may experience in its rotation period, daily, and in its translation around the sun".

He added that other instruments will register wind and temperature patterns, as well as variations in the atmospheric pressure and magnetic field.

What's the goal of gathering this information?

According to NASA, there was a time when the Earth and Mars were warm, wet and shrouded in thick atmospheres.

However, three or four billion years ago, something changed causing these "sibling" planets to take different paths.

By studying Mars at its core, InSight aims to go back in time and shed light into what factors resulted in producing an Earth full of life and a desolated Mars.

"The information collected will help us to understand the evolution of rocky planets inside and outside our solar system," Navarro-Gonzalez says, adding that the gathered date will help open a window into understanding life.

"Rocky planets like ours are essential for the emergence and evolution of life as we know it.

"Our goal is to find a second genesis of life, and we believe that Mars is the [place] where we can find it. In this way, we could revolutionise the biology from terrestrial to universal," Navarro-Gonzalez adds.

How is this relevant to people on Earth?

Manfredi says this type of missions do not only contribute in the greater knowledge of the universe and life but also result in improving people's everyday lives here on Earth.

"New materials and new technologies are constantly coming out of this type of projects which are later used in our daily life: mobile phones, the materials with which the bodies of cars or helmets are now built, medical advances that are tested in the Station International Space, among others," he says.

Manfredi adds that these missions also shape humanity's relationship with the universe, predicting that "it will not be long until we can see a human crew roaming" the Red Planet's surface.

"Mars still has many surprises to unveil," Manfredi says.

"In the future, missions - such as Nasa's next M2020 mission - will aim to bring samples back to Earth that will deepen our knowledge of the interior of the planet.

In 2020, three exploration vehicles from the US, Europe and China are already scheduled to attempt to land on Mars.

SpaceX, a private space corporation, has also hinted at a potential cargo mission to Mars in 2022 with the intention of paving a path for future manned missions.

"I believe that the human presence in space will continue to grow in the 21st century, and the next century," says Miguel Alcubierre, a researcher at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences in the UNAM.

"And little by little, we will expand through the solar system, perhaps reaching the next 22nd century to the moons of Jupiter and Saturn," he adds.

"Our expansion by the solar system is inevitable in the long term and a natural consequence of our technological development and our curiosity.

"If in 500 years we have not colonised the entire solar system, I think it would be very depressing and would indicate that something catastrophic happened that stopped us."

Source: Aljazeera.com